The bend deduction, sometimes called the bend compensation, describes how much the outside of the sheet has been stretched. R-values are additive. The K-factor is used to determine the length of the metal plate stretched during the bending process. The above Table is applicable only for ASTM A320 Grade B8, Class 2 and A193 Grade B8, Class 2 Stud Bolts. All stainless steels contain a minimum of 10. static, impending slip. In this instance 304L is recommended due to its resistance to carbide precipitation. The three roughness regimes are as follows: Dynamically smooth: 0 ≤ u*ε/ν ≤ 5. The K factor formula is K factor = /T. Austenite-martensitic steel, also known as austenitic-maraging stainless steel, is. The friction loss for each bend is: Δ p f f = ζ x 1 2 ρ w x 2 = 673. 64-Rubber (60 A Belt) Rubber (40 A Belt) . Select an item in Units to set the unit of measurement. The emissions factor when calculating the carbon footprint of steel per kg is: Iron metal (steel) 1kg = 1. The Hazen–Williams equation has the advantage that the coefficient C is not a function of the Reynolds number , but it has the disadvantage that it is only valid for water . The two main frictions used are static friction and kinetic friction. From the diagram above, with the relative rougness and the Reynolds number - the friction factor can be estimated to aprox. 79. Bulletin 065. 1 shows the specific wear rates w s and wear coefficients K observed in unlubricated sliding for AISI 1045 carbon steel rings and pins [48]. 9 Bare Steel; DIN 7984-A2 Stainless Steel; Keys. 1. Fluid Velocity: 3 m/s: Fluid Density: 1000 kg/m 3: Friction Factor: 0. Ultra-high strength-to-weight ratio. This study provides comparative durability data for K wires made. Stainless steel grade 430 is capable of resisting oxidation up to 870°C (1598°F) in intermittent usage, and up to 815°C (1499°F) in continuous usage. 0×10⁻⁶ / K. . If your bend radius needs to be adjusted, a member of Engineering & Design Services team will contact you before your design is. where T is the torque measurement, K is the nut factor, F is the tension and D is the bolt diameter. VK Number: VK630. Mathematically bend allowance during Sheet metal bending can be calculated as per the following formula. Minor or dynamic pressure loss in pipe or tube system components can be expressed as. 1 11. (K-factor). The k-factor is found by dividing time by the thickness of the material: The formula for the k-factor is t/Mt. 166: S-440-X: 4-40. 11 to 0. e. 16. Completely rough: u*ε/ν > 70. 1 mm can be made in polypropylene PP, aluminum or stainless steel. Calculation of spring force at a given length is travel s * R. breaking torque; A1-50 A2-70 A4-80 A1-50 A2-70 A4-80 A1-50 A1-70R-value. c. 1 mm can be made in polypropylene PP, aluminum or stainless steel. relieved thermally or mechanically. Gauge table/bend table combination. Various K Factors: Typical Steel Bolt: 0. From the part’s edge, dimples. The pressure drop calculations. Using the data as input in our bend allowance calculator, we obtain: T = K D F/12. (Type X,Y,K,L,M), HDPE (SDR 7. The best single-volume reference on the metallurgy, selection, processing, performance, and evaluation of stainless steels, incorporating essential information culled from across the ASM Handbook series. where . It has excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion after exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range of 800–1500°F (427– 816°C). 0 lb/ft. Configure the press or other folding tool with your desired tooling and make a 90 degree fold on the bend line. 15 K = 0. Above all, it becomes essential to make sure that you’re shopping for it from an eligible fabricator. 5 throughout the article, so lets focus on entering the other two values correctly. 1 \text { mm} 2. The indicated residual pressures are based on the nominal K-factor. Steel: 90: 110 – Galvanized iron: 120: 120: Polyethylene: 140: 140: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 150: 150: Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) 150: 150:Sheet Metal Gauge Chart. stainless steel end of the tube at 1600°F (871°C) and exits the 5% chromium steel end of the tube at 800°F (427°C). 20: Zinc-Plated: 0. Nature of the grain boundary and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) The grain boundary energy in type 304 stainless steel is known ( Murr 1975) to vary from 20 to 835 mJ/m 2. An air to air plate exchanger with area 2 m 2 and wall thickness 0. 33 K factor 0. Fanning Friction Factor. Seat: Copper UNS-C11000 and Stainless Steel UNS-S30400 Belleville Spring Sealing Assembly: Nickel Alloy, coated on both sides with PTFE Tape Compression Screw: Stainless Steel. Note that for this example we consider a flat system, with no elevation changes. Mathematically bend allowance during Sheet metal bending can be calculated as per the following formula. K-Factor. com Get a Quote: [email protected] = 0. If possible could someone share a copy of their gauge. Contains molybdenum which increases corrosion resistance to chlorides and phosphates. 81 m/s 2: Calculation. ” When a flat piece of material is bent the inside face of the bend is compressed and the outside part stretches. Note: TYCO series TY-L 8. 88CO 2 eq. need some help on a place to start with the bend allowance calcs. 16. The K-factor for a 90-degree bend is always: K = tan (90/2). It is used in applications with an operating range of -65° to +2,400°F (-54°C to. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (PDF) T = K×F×D. Here are the steps to be followed to calculate sheet metal flat length: Step-1: Enter Flange Length, Internal Radius, and thickness values. 1 8. The recommended binder pressure for round draws of low-carbon draw-quality steel is 600 pounds per lineal inch around the post (draw post diameter x 3. AISI 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) is the most commonly used material in stainless steels, and is usually purchased in an annealed or cold worked state. Bend Deduction Chart K factor 0. R – inside bend radius in m. (7-8 mm) thick material Austenitic Material (T304) 0. Specifically, the k-factor value is the neutral axis’ new position after bending, marked “t” in Figure 1, divided by the material thickness (k-factor = t/Mt). 84. Sheet metal thickness is denoted by gauge, sometimes spelled gage, which indicates a standard thickness before processing. 0. 316L is a standard material for numerous applications in process, energy, paper, transportation and. 50 in practical use. For plate under 2mm, K-factor is 0. I work on Solidworks Sheet Metal for designing sheet metal boxes, plates, hoppers,etc. 1 very often which confuses me. 1 lists ferrous and nonferrous metalRelated Resources: materials Specific Heat Capacity of Metals Table Chart. 0. 2 ext { m}^2 A= 1. Bulletin 065. 001. The inside depth of a dimple should be no more than the inside radius. f = Coefficient of friction factor or Coefficient of friction factor. The required tonnage is often prohibitive. Metal. Nut-Factor (Nut-Factor) 0. Let's calculate the K-factor for a metal sheet having a thickness of 1 \text { mm} 1 mm and bent to an angle of 90^\circ 90∘. 062). However, the washer is normally flat by. 20-0. The bend deduction, sometimes called the bend compensation, describes how much the outside of the sheet has been stretched. 6 k-factor 1/2 inch npt sprinklers figure 3 poly-stainless series ty-b standard response upright (ty4151) and pendent (ty4251) 8. H = Differential Head (m). 50 by default. We multiply this factor by the material thickness to determine the distance the neutral axis shifted toward the inside radius during bending. The bend test is obtained around a diameter of the bend factor multiplied by the steel thickness. Thermal Resistivity and Conductivity The ability of a material to resist flow of heat. The range of Machinability is vast and spans from about 40% for difficult to machine steels, such as bearing steel ( SAE 52100 / DIN 100Cr6) up to Ledloy free-cutting steel (SAE 12L14 / DIN 9SMnPb36) that has a machinability rate of about 170%. Thermal Expansion 9 mm/m/°C. F = μkN F = μ k N. Choose the check mark to use a gauge table. For instance, 304 stainless steel forms a radius 20 to 22 percent of the die width, while a radius in 5052-H32 aluminum forms at 13 to 15 percent of the width. The proposed ASCE ASD Specification includes four types of austenitic stainless steels (Types 201, 301, 304, and 316) and three types of ferritic stainless steels (Types 409, 430, and 439). It is a function of the materials' frictional characteristics, which are based on surface finish, coatings and so on. 15CO 2 eq. •G is the geometry factor •qis the thermal conductivity integral. Turbine Wheel (Double-Flow) Meter. The effective length (K) factor of a member in compression is dependent on the support conditions at each end. BA = Pi (R+K*T)A/180 (8) Therefore, the value of K will always be between 0 and 1. Note that the pipe is cooled, so the temperature difference has a negative sign: T₂ − T₁ = -85 °C = -85 K. AISI 304 Stainless Steel (UNS S30400) AISI 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) is the most commonly used material in stainless steels, and is usually purchased in an annealed or cold worked state. To determine allowable working pressure at elevated temperatures, multiply allowable working pressures from Tables 2 throughBend Allowance Chart K factor 0. Grade 2 Titanium. 063 0. K-Factor is the ratio of the neutral axis to the material thickness. NPT sprinkler joint should be obtained with a torque ofThe “K” factor variation ranging from 0. Product code: ISBN: 978-0-87170-503-7. Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0. The K factor is defined as the ratio of the thickness of a material to the length from the neutrality bend line to the inner bend radius. 15 and the coefficient of kinetic friction is around 0. Monel is typically much more expensive than stainless steel. The internal roughness of a pipe is an important factor when considering the friction losses of a fluid moving through the pipe. R. Virgin steel 1kg = 3. 40 Thickness to 3 × thickness: 0. It is derived from high cycle fatigue tests by applying a load at constant amplitude (also S-N test) to DIN 50100, and is divided into the regions of low cycle fatigue K, finite life fatigue Z and high cycle fatigue. It has units of m 2 /s. psi (MPa)psi(MPa) % 65,000 448 125,000 862 50 200 Brinell SANDMEYER STEEL COMPANY ONE SANDMEYER LANE • PHILADELPHIA, PA 19116-3598Most values for temperature 25 oC (77 oF). K = K-Factor, which is t / T. Insert the convective heat transfer coefficient for inner surface, h i = 10 W/m 2 ⋅ K. 0015 10 -3 m) / (0. CTE 15. 5 just mentioned. For this reason, the K-factor is reduced by about 35%. Engineering Materials. 062 in. To understand how the nut factor compares to the terms in the long-form equations, let’s consider the so-called Motosh equation: × [ (P/2 ) + (μ/cos ) + (μ = input torque, = fastener preload. 7K-Factor. 5) K 11. The K-factor is used to determine the length of the metal plate stretched during the bending process. F1XLH and F1FRXLH Series Standard Spray Sprinklers. 15%, and the minimum chromium content is only 1% less than 304. Zheng, C. 09 r/d<0. The. The deduction is 1. ) who originally posited it as = where represents the applied true stress on the material, is the. (5-6 mm) thick material Note: Because thinner gauges of stainless steel are generally used, the force required to shear stainless steel for a given part is often comparable to the force needed to shear a similar part made of thicker carbon steel. Steel pipe with other pipe wall thick-nesses are permitted to be used when the pipe is specially listed. . UN8 Thread Series Caution: Stainless steel fasteners tend to gall, especially with long run downs, prevailing torque fasteners, impactThis tool allows you to determine tonnage, internal radius, V-die opening and minimum flange. 72 *10-6/K 16. It occurs in the formula known as Hollomon's equation (after John Herbert Hollomon Jr. K Factor: 8. Take. Mark the nut at the 6 o’clock position. Here we need to discuss: Non-Lubricated Bolts (a. When compensating for Spring Back in materials such as stainless steel Coining is typically not the best option unless you are working with thin gauges. 5 for standard materials and thicknesses though smaller and larger K-Factors are possible. Calculate the effective length as: Leff = K × L. Canvas belt, woven, on steel. For the completely rough regime, the value of Β' is equal a constant. A hole should be at least three times material thickness away from the edge of the dimple. Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0. stainless steel 316 (for mv-bs) stainless steel 316l-blow-off cap elastomer elastomer elastomer elastomer note: equivalent specification is indicative only. Pendent, Recessed Pendent, Upright. Processing may include polishing, or the applying of protective plastics which will decrease or increase a sheet’s thickness respectively. Thermal conductivity for stainless steel is 17 W/(m K) (from the table above). Friction loss and velocity diagrams - in imperial (psi/100 ft, ft/s) and SI (Pa/100m, m/s) units. Let’s start with 90 degrees bend which is the most simple scenario. 5 mm measured from the inside bend, then you would. 5 Orientation PENDENT PENDENT. K)/W] in SI units or [ (ft 2 ·°F·hr)/Btu] in imperial units. MRR = . Derating factor at 482°F (250°C) is 0. AISI 316L stainless steel is a modified ultra-low carbon Cr-Ni-Mo series austenitic stainless steel based on AISI 316. 16: Miscellaneous Data: Applied Load: Tensile: kg?Carbon Footprint of Steel Per Kg. Stainless steel (SS), nickel foil (Ni), titanium foil (Ti) and graphite plate (GP). ) Tightening Torque Clamp Load (lbs. Bend Allowance (BA) =. You can easily modify the Material Thickness, Inside Radius and K-Factor for each thickness at the top of each column. Bend Allowance (BA) = (Π/180) × ( R + K×T) × A. UHMW. 5mm up to 6. rates of 0. KC Curve Factor (MC) The MC constant indicates how KC varies as the chip thickness gets further away from the normalized point of 1 mm. steel research international is a metallurgy journal for the research and development of steel and related materials. I founded this site back in 2011 intending to provide solutions to various engineering and programming problems. Now what? What. units by 10. K factor is the ratio between the distance between the inside radius of the bend and the neutral axis to the sheet thickness. In Machinery’s Handbook, the K-factor for mild cold-rolled steel with 60,000-PSI tensile strength is 0. Microform Precision, LLC 4244 South Market Court, Suite A Sacramento, CA 95834 Phone: (916) 419-0580 Fax: (916) 419-0577 Email: [email protected] A36 Steel 3/8” less than 50 53. However, this steel can be cold. [8] Monel alloy 400 is notable for its toughness, which is maintained over a. d = Pitch Diameter (m) K Df = Nut Friction Diameter (m) μ = oefficient of Friction Fastener Material Coefficient of Friction (μ) K-Factor 304 Stainless Steel 0. The letter t denotes this rotation of the neutral axis in Figure 2. K-Factor - A constant determined by dividing the thickness of the sheet by the location of the neutral axis, which is the part of sheet metal that does not change length. Carbon and Mild Steel. Knowing the k-factor formula is essential in order to bend any kind of sheet metal correctly; in fact, it varies according to the type of material to be deformed. AISI 304 Stainless Steel (UNS S30400, SS 304) AISI 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) is the most widely used stainless steel, containing 18-20% Cr and 8-10. Or the inside radius of the dimple plus 3 times material thickness. 34. A K-Factor will typically range between 0 and . A typical value of the K factor varies between . As a result, carbon steel, which contains little chromium, is harder, but. Can I re-use PTFE coated studs? You shouldn’t. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (PDF) Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (Excel) BEND ALLOWANCE; 8 Gauge: 10 Gauge: 12 Gauge: 14 Gauge: 16 Gauge: 18 Gauge: 20 Gauge: 22 Gauge: 24 Gauge: K factor: 0. It appears that stainless steel bolts can be applied in aluminium slip resistant connections, but a larger partial safety factor than standards currently prescribe is required for the slip. The linear thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) is dependent on the material from which an object is made. The general rule here is this: The softer the material, the tighter the inside radius. 8 Square Head;. Inside temperature in the exchanger is 100 o C and outside temperature is 20 o C . Bends w/Corrugated Inner Radius. Next we use the pull-down menu to select the appropriate table. 3-0. 5 = 2. Temperature Rating. 13 - Stainless steel Martensitic, Quenched & Tempered: 1875: 272: 0. The presence of chromium creates an invisible surface film that resists oxidation and makes the material “passive” or corrosion resistant. Conductive Heat Transfer through a Stainless Steel Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 o C. 4 - 10 Rotary Meter (Star or Cog. a. e. I am primarily processing stainless steel, 304 and 316, with a range of thickness from 1. (10-6 in/ (in oF)) Admiralty Brass. 301 stainless steel is an austenitic grade that can be supplied in various hardness and strengths. 1 mil per year were observed on Types 304L and 348 stainless steels and 0. 7709. 83 @ 1000ºF. 8 4. Jul 27, 2018. 6 (8. Step-3: Value of Bend Deduction and Flat pattern are shown in Result Section. The K-factor is the ratio of the neutral axis position to the total material thickness. Take the bend allowance as 2. 0. 2 P a = 6732 P a = 0. 550 is well-suited for most maintenance needs. Canvas belt, stitched, on steel. Data Tables Table 2. Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as. Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as. This data sheet. To better understand the main contributing factor to the mechanical anisotropy of AM stainless steel 316L, bulk specimens were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Hot working of grade 330 stainless steel can be performed at 1149 to 1177°C (2100 to 2150°F). 0) is cold-rolled steel; 304 stainless steel has a factor of 3. The K-factor can also be used to calculate bending allowance and bending deduction. 01. Other guidelines to remember when the processing draw reductions are:Thread Coeff friction Preload (Kn) property class Tightening torque (Nm) property class Min. The rate becomes very rapid as K max approaches K 1C. The spring bacK-Factor, commonly denoted by Ks, is the relation between the initial and final angles. Sustainable building with Stainless steel - The David L. e. Choose the appropriate sheet metal gauge table. 5% Ni, and also known as 18-8 stainless steel. 6% max), chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, etc. The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through ASME/ANSI B36. Assume a. View Specs. K-factors can be determined by using the following equation: K = Q/P 1/2, where K is represented by gallons per minute, or gpm/psi 1/2, Q is flow rate in gpm. The K factor is directly related to how much material is stretched during the bend. Requirement is based on minimum flow in GPM from each sprinkler. 50 r/d=0. You use a gauge table and bend table in one table. The PVC pipe calculation are made with the Online Hazens-Williams Calculator with a roughness coefficient c = 145. 42. The baseline material factor (1. (7-8 mm) thick material Austenitic Material (T304) 0. Bend allowance chart for SUS (stainless steel) 3. 1 ftH2O/100 ft = 0. Bend allowance is the amount of extra material you need to add while calculating the flat pattern of any sheet metal part. The higher strength comes at the cost of lower corrosion resistance at higher temperatures. Temperaturepressure regulators—k series 1 pipe, weld, vcr, vco fittings standard tubing modular systemd hose / flexible tubing bellows, diaphragm valves ball plug valves check relief valves needle metering valves k sries rgulars instrument systems manifold measurement devices references medium- high- pressure tube fittings pressure regulators k seriesThis will have an effective length factor K associated. The K-factor is simply the tangent of half the bend angle. Step 6 Calculate the entire friction loss for the pipe including the fittings in this case only 90° bends but normally it also includes valves, reducers, equipment etc. One item of note: The K factor found in the "Machinists Handbook" (Industrial Press Inc. 88 x Fn for music wire. To help you begin I’ve included a K-Factor Chart below which contains common K-Factor starting points, good for general fabrication, for steel, aluminum and stainless steel. The span in the values may be caused by the variation in the materials themselves - or by the variation in the sources used. Look up the steel's density. Note: TYCO series TY-L 8. The addition of molybdenum can provide pitting resistance in phosphoric acid and acetic acid and dilute chloride solutions and. SI unit: W/m·K or W/m·°C; Imperial unit: Btu/ft·h·°F; Thermal Conductivity of Stainless Steel. *The TYCO Series TY-L 5. t. 5×10 –6 /°F). Other applications include fasteners and screens for the mining industry. 304 Stainless SteelThe bending angle is 90°, the sheet thickness is 5 mm and the inside radius is 6 mm. 36 N in air, wear surfaces are covered by oxide films and fine and thin wear particles of 0. Bulletin 182. Relative roughness can be expressed as. 0. Sponsored Links. oCompDef = ThisDoc. For exact calculations - always check manufacturing data. We want to know the final length of the detail. 2 5. Simple. 446. UnfoldMethod. The bend allowance describes the length of the neutral axis between the bend lines, or in other words, the arc length of the bend. Stainless Alloy 17-7PH: 11. 33 in practical use and at my shop they use as small as 0. 93 g/cm3 (0. This factor determines which of two high-temperature strength properties should be given priority; creep or creep-rupture (sometimes called stress-. 93 g/cm3 (0. Company USA: (937) 778-8947 • Canada: (905) 457-6223 • International: (937) 615-3598 12 90 Friction Loss For Water At 60° F Per 100 Feet Of Pipe New Schedule 40 Steel Pipe - The friction values are from the Hydraulic Institute Pipe Friction Manual. They depends on fluid velocities, viscosities, conditions of the heating surfaces, size of the temperature differences and so on. Stainless Steel Stainless steel is a family of iron-based alloys that must contain at least 10. Lodgement Spring: Stainless Steel Pin: Stainless Steel Cup: Steel Cover Plate: Steel Installation Wrench: Ductile Iron Cover Plate Finishes: • Chrome plated • White painted •. 1. A material with an emissivity value. Specifically, the k-factor value is the neutral axis’ new position after bending, marked “t” in Figure 1, divided by the material thickness (k-factor = t/Mt). q / A = [(17 W/(m K)) / (2 10 -3 m)] (80 o C)K = 0. 6 K-factor Sprinklers with a temperature rating of 280°F (138°C a) re not sutai be l for recessed installations. where. 1 percent carbon, Carbon Steel also contains various other alloying elements like manganese (1. f = Friction Factor. Includes additional data and reference information carefully selected and adapted. Although, reliable sources (mentioned at the reference section) has been used for compiling the above COF table but still the values shown are approximate only. Various K Factors: Typical Steel Bolt: 0. K-Factors for Aluminum, Cold Rolled Steel and Stainless ALUMINUM Thickness Radius 0. [10, 11]. At exactly the same torque level of 24 foot pounds, variations between 4500 pounds and 6700 pounds are experienced. 2 show that Victaulic Vic-Press for Schedule 10S stainless steel fittings and Schedule 10 stainless steel pipe compliant with ASTM A-312 may be used on ASME B31. K-factor Stainless Steel Pendent and Recessed Pendent Sprinklers must be installed in accordance with this section. by：East King 2020-08-30. It has been proven. The bend test is obtained around a diameter of the bend factor multiplied by the steel thickness. 00% THERMAL PROPERTIES Reference Temperature 23°C (73°F) 23°C (73°F). 304 stainless steel: 0. 5 max) serves as a control figure in sheet metal bending calculation. 38: 0. Drawn Brass, Copper, Stainless Steel (New) >0. This chart is for reference only – you should always verify your process for better results. 166: S-M2-X: M2. We bend lots of stainless, which in terms of hardness, is very similar to mild steel (a36/gr50/cq) If I were to start folding, I would use . The linear thermal expansion coefficient is the ratio c hange in length per degree temperature to length. (matched to stainless steel, carbon steel, and aluminum), alloy materials, and solder configurations. 6% max), copper (). In our case, we will use the table for ALUMINUM-INCH. 26 (304/316. Fn for stainless steel spring steel is approx. The frictional force can be expressed as. The k-factor value signifies how far the neutral axis shifts during bending. 304 Stainless Steel. With the K-factor, the BA is equal to the following: BA = { [ (π ÷ 180) x Ir] + [ (π ÷ 180) x K-factor] x Mt} And the metal sheet has a thickness T = 5 mm T = 5\ \text{mm} T = 5 mm and K-factor K = 0. mild steel 0. 64 x 19. Specific Heat Capacity of Metals Table Chart . 18: Cadmium-Plated: 0. They consist about 4-30% of chromium. More info. Here is how you can calculate this answer: Find the volume (in m3) of the 12 mm steel rod using the cylinder volume formula: V = π⋅d2⋅l/4 = π⋅ (12×10-3)2⋅12/4 = 1. For complete part number, refer to Viking’s current price schedule. 1 A36 Steel 3/8” less than 60 53.